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Anyone who loves pigeons, whether keeping them as pets for show or to fly, or simply enjoys watching them at a backyard bird feeder has probably been plagued by loss of birds to predatory hawks. Hawks are adept hunters and can swoop down, grab a pigeon and be gone in a split second. Controlling loss of birds to hawks is complicated. It’s illegal to kill or even harass hawks in most jurisdictions. And most bird lovers wouldn’t want to harm a hawk anymore than they like having hawks snack on pigeons. However, there are some techniques you can employ to ward off hawks from your feathered pigeon friends.
Take down bird feeders for backyard pigeons for a few days. Hawks will perch nearby feeders waiting for easy prey. If you remove the feeders, hawks will often move on to other hunting grounds.
Place backyard pigeon feeders where there is natural protection. Putting a feeder near an evergreen shrub will give birds a refuge to escape to when a hawk is near.
Fly your pet pigeons at different times during the day. If you keep pigeons you allow to fly, change up the times you let them loose. Hawks will figure out a predictable routine and be waiting when you release your birds.
Keep your flying birds in shape. If you don’t allow your birds to fly regularly, they will be out of shape and more likely to fall prey to hawks.
Don’t overfeed your birds. At fat bird will be sluggish and slow and less likely to escape a hawk.
Train flying birds to return directly to the loft. Birds grazing in the lawn or roosting on the roof are much more likely to be caught by a hawk than they are when in free flight.
Feed the crows. Attracting crows to your property can help keep hawks at bay. Crows hate hawks and will harass and chase them away.
Hang hawk balls from trees near your pigeon loft. Hawk balls are large, mirrored balls that reflect light, which scares hawks away.
Place unwanted CDs on your loft, flying pen and other areas around the pigeons. CDs also reflect light, which hawks are afraid of. Tying a CD to a weather vane will project light in many different directions as it turns in the wind.
References (1)
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(Redirected from CD/DVD copy protection)
CD/DVD copy protection is a blanket term for various methods of copy protection for CDs and DVDs. Such methods include DRM, CD-checks, Dummy Files, illegal tables of contents, over-sizing or over-burning the CD, physical errors and bad sectors. Many protection schemes rely on breaking compliance with CD and DVD standards, leading to playback problems on some devices.
Protection schemes rely on distinctive features that:
- can be applied to a medium during the manufacturing process, so that a protected medium is distinguishable from an unprotected one.
- cannot be faked, copied, or retroactively applied to an unprotected medium using typical hardware and software.
- 1Technology
- 2Changes that followed
Technology[edit]
Filesystems / Dummy files[edit]
Most CD-ROMs use the ISO9660file system to organize the available storage space for use by a computer or player. This has the effect of establishing directories (i.e., folders) and files within those directories. Usually, the filesystem is modified to use extensions intended to overcome limitations in the ISO9660 filesystem design. These include Joliet, RockRidge and El Torito extensions. These are, however, compatible additions to the underlying ISO9660 structure, not complete replacements or modifications. The most basic approach for a distinctive feature is to purposely fake some information within the filesystem. Early generations of software copied every single file one by one from the original medium and re-created a new filesystem on the target medium.
Sectors[edit]
A sector is the primary data structure on a CD-ROM accessible to external software (including the OS). On a Mode-1 CD-ROM, each sector contains 2048 bytes of user-data (content) and 304 bytes of structural information. Among other things, the structural information consists of
- the sector number, the sector's relative and absolute logical position
- an error detection code (EDC), which is an advanced checksum used to detect (if possible) read-errors
- an error correction code (ECC), an advanced method of detecting and correcting errors
Using the EDC and ECC information, the drive can detect and repair many (but not all) types of read-error.
Copy protections can use these fields as a distinctive feature by purposely crafting sectors with improper EDC/ECC fields during manufacture. The protection software tries to read those sectors, awaiting read-errors. As early generations of end-user soft/hardware were not able to generate sectors with illegal structural information, this feature could not be re-generated with such soft/hardware. If the sectors forming the distinctive feature have become readable, the medium is presumed to be a copy.
A modification of this approach uses large regions of unreadable sectors with small islands of readable ones interspersed. Most software trying to copy protected media will skip intervals of sectors when confronted with unreadable ones, expecting them all to be bad. In contrast to the original approach, the protection scheme expects the sectors to be readable, supposing the medium to be a copy when read-errors occur.
Sub-channels[edit]
Beside the main-channel which holds all of the user-data, a CD-ROM contains a set of eight sub-channels where certain meta-information can be stored. (For an audio CD, the user-data is the audio itself; for a data CD, it is the filesystem and file data.) One of the sub-channels — the Q-channel — states the drive's current position relative to the beginning of the CD and the current track. This was designed for Audio-CDs (which for a few years were the only CDs), where this information is used to keep the drive on track; nevertheless the Q-channel is filled even on into the CD-ROM itself but part of user-controlled data.
A part of an unprotected CD-ROM may look like this (simplified):
Sector's logical address | ... | 6551 | 6552 | 6553 | 6554 | 6555 | 6556 | 6557 | ... |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sector's content | ... | Jack | and | Jill | went | up | the | hill | ... |
When the drive is told to read from or seek to sector 6553, it calculates the physical distance, moves the laser-diode and starts reading from the (spinning) disc, waiting for sector 6553 to come by.
A protected CD-ROM may look like this:
Sector's logical address | ... | 6551 | 6552 | 6553 | 6553 | 6554 | 6555 | 6556 | 6557 | ... |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sector's content | ... | Jack | and | Jill | Mary | went | up | the | hill | ... |
In this example, a sector was inserted ('Mary') with a sector-address identical to the one right before the insertion-point (6553). When the drive is told to read from or seek to sector 6553 on such a disc, the resulting sector-content depends on the position the drive starts seeking from.
- If the drive has to seek forwards, the sector's original content 'Jill' is returned.
- If the drive has to seek backwards, the sector's twin 'Mary' is returned.
A protected program can check whether the CD-ROM is original by positioning the drive behind sector 6553 and then reading from it — expecting the Mary version to appear. When a program tries to copy such a CD-ROM, it will miss the twin-sector as the drive skips the second 6553-sector, seeking for sector 6554.
There are more details about this technique (e.g. the twin-sectors need to be recorded in large extents, the SubQ-channel has to be modified etc.) that were omitted. If the twin sectors are right next to each other as shown, the reader would always read the first one, Jill; the twin sectors need to be farther apart on the disc.
Data position measurement[edit]
Stamped CDs are perfect clones and have the data always at the same position, whereas writable media differ from each other. Data Position Measurement (DPM) detects these little physical differences to efficiently protect against duplicates. DPM was first used publicly in 1996 by Link Data Security's CD-Cops. SecuROM 4 and later uses this protection method, as do Nintendo optical discs[citation needed].
Changes that followed[edit]
The Red Book CD-DA audio specification does not include any copy protection mechanism other than a simple anti-copy flag. Starting in early 2002, attempts were made by record companies to market 'copy-protected' non-standard compact discs. Philips stated that such discs were not permitted to bear the trademarkedCompact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specification. There was great public outcry over copy-protected discs because many saw it as a threat to fair use. For example, audio tracks on such media cannot be easily added to a personal music collection on a computer's hard disk or a portable (non-CD) music player. Also, many ordinary CD audio players (e.g. in car radios) had problems playing copy-protected media, mostly because they used hardware and firmware components also used in CD-ROM drives. The reason for this reuse is cost efficiency; the components meet the Red Book standard, so no valid reason existed not to use them. Other car stereos that supported CD-ROM discs containing compressed audio files (such as MP3, FLAC, or Windows Media) had to use some CD-ROM drive hardware (meeting the Yellow Book CD-ROM standard) in order to be capable of reading those discs.
In late 2005, Sony BMG Music sparked the Sony CD copy protection scandal when it included a form of copy protection called Extended Copy Protection ('XCP') on discs from 52 artists.[1] Upon inserting such a disc in the CD drive of a computer running Microsoft Windows, the XCP software would be installed. If CD ripper software (or other software, such as a real-time effects program, that reads digital audio from the disc in the same way as a CD ripper) were to subsequently access the music tracks on the CD, XCP would substitute white noise for the audio on the disc.
Technically inclined users and computer security professionals found that XCP contains a rootkit component. After installation, XCP went to great lengths to disguise its existence, and it even attempted to disable the computer's CD drive if XCP was forcibly removed. XCP's efforts to cloak itself unfortunately allowed writers of malware to amplify the damage done by their software, hiding the malware under XCP's cloak if XCP had been installed on the victim's machine. Several publishers of antivirus and anti-spyware software updated their products to detect and remove XCP if found, on the grounds that it is a trojan horse or other malware; and an assistant secretary for the United States' Department of Homeland Security chastised companies that would cause security holes on customers' computers, reminding the companies that they do not own the computers.
Facing resentment and class action lawsuits[2] Sony BMG issued a product recall for all discs including XCP, and announced it was suspending use of XCP on future discs. On November 21, 2005 the Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott sued Sony BMG for XCP[3] and on December 21, 2005 sued Sony BMG for MediaMax copy protection.[4]
United Kingdom position[edit]
The provisions of law allow for redress to buyers of Audio CDs with Copyright-Protection. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 contains provisions in section 296ZE part VII that allow for '[a] remedy where effective technological measures prevent permitted acts'.
In practice, the consumer would make a complaint to the copyright holder of the Audio CD, usually a Record Label. The complaint would contain a request to the holder of the copyright to provide a 'work-around' in order to make use of the copy-protected CD, to the extent that a non-copyright protected CD could be used lawfully. Where the consumer believes the copyright holder has not been reasonable in entertaining the request, they are within their rights under the Act to make an application to the Secretary of State to review the merits of the complaint and (if the complaint is upheld) to instruct the copyright holder to implement a work-around circumventing the copyright protection.
Schedule 5A of the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 lists the permitted acts, to which the provisions of section 296ZE apply (i.e. lists the cases in which the consumer can use the remedy, if the copy protection prevents the user doing a permitted act).
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2008-12-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^BBC NEWS | Technology | Sony sued over copy-protected CDs
- ^Texas Attorney General
- ^Texas Attorney General
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection&oldid=919728271'